Inside Ethereum’s Fusaka Hard Fork: PeerDAS, New Gas Limits, and the Road to Cheaper L2s

Fusaka is Ethereum’s next major hard fork after Pectra, targeting Dec. 3, 2025 and bundling a dozen EIPs focused on scalability, safety, and cryptography. PeerDAS (EIP-7594) introduces peer-based data availability sampling so nodes only verify small slices of blob data, cutting bandwidth while unlocking more capacity for rollups. Supporting EIPs tighten MODEXP safety and pricing, cap per-transaction gas usage, bound blob fees to execution costs, enforce an RLP block size limit, add a CLZ opcode, and ship a secp256r1 precompile so modern hardware keys can sign securely. Together, these changes push Ethereum toward a cheaper, more data-rich, rollup-centric future that still remains accessible to home stakers and full nodes.