A Beginner’s Guide to Hypothesis Testing and Bayesian Statistics

This article breaks down hypothesis testing — the statistical process of deciding whether to reject a null hypothesis — covering key concepts like Type I and Type II errors, statistical power, and how sample size is determined. It also introduces Bayesian statistics, explaining the Bayes factor as a measure of evidence and touching on advanced topics like test martingales and p-values. Whether you’re new to statistics or brushing up on fundamentals, this guide connects frequentist and Bayesian perspectives to help you make sound data-driven decisions.